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Judaic - Kosher Shofars
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SHOFAR Cyrus Adler Francis L. Cohen Abraham de Harkavy Judah David
Eisenstein
ARTICLE HEADINGS:
—Biblical Data:
Use and Pattern.
In the Temple.
—In Post-Biblical Times:
The Sounds.
In the Liturgy.
In the Cabala.
At End of Yom Kippur and Other Uses.
Forms of Modern Shofar.
Variability of the Sounds
Notes and Signals.
Early Notation.
—Biblical Data:
The ancient ritual horn of Israel, representing, next to the 'Ugab
or reeds, the oldest surviving form of wind-instrument. As a rule
"shofar" is incorrectly translated "trumpet" or "cornet"; its
etymology shows it to signify either "tuba" (comp. Jastrow, "Diet.")
or, more accurately, "clarion" (comp. Gesenius, "Dict." ed. Oxford).
It is mentioned frequently in the Bible, from Exodus to Zechariah,
and throughout the Talmud and later Hebrew literature. It was the
voice of a shofar, "exceeding loud," issuing from the thick cloud on
Sinai that made all in the camp tremble (Ex. xix. 16, xx. 18); and
for this reason, while other musical instruments were in each age
constructed according to the most advanced contemporary practise
(comp. 'Ar. 10b), the trumpet family itself being represented by the
long, straight silver "hazozerah," the shofar has never varied in
structure from its prehistoric simplicity and crudity.